Installation Loop (Asking for help)

What's going on in general

So, in short words, after I plug my patched USB drive and choose EFI boot, the installation (the first part of it with the license agreement and the choice of installation drive) starts as normal. Then, when it's supposedly done, the machine reboots and instead of the second part starting as it should, I'm presented with the screen on the attached photo. Chosing one of the options either sets me back to what I began with or to the black screen with the Apple logo, progress bar and ETA countdown (just like, as I remember, the second part of the installation should look like) which results in reboot and the screen from my photo again. Therefore, no matter what I do, I'm stuck with it.

What I've already tried

1. Different macOS installers: Big Sur and Monterey
2. Using a different USB stick
3. NVRAM/PRAM reset

Tech specs

• 2011 MacBook Pro 13", A1278
• 4Gb RAM/256Gb SSD

Misc

1. No issues noticed under officially supported High Sierra
2. No posts on forums found with this exact problem
3. Both USB installers worked just fine with 2012 MacBook Air, A1466

What can I do with it? Is it anything extraordinary or just me making any mistakes?
Also, maybe there are other patchers compatible with this model that I can use to install Big Sur?

Will appreciate any help, thank you!

https://preview.redd.it/rgpzu2hxjp2e1.png?width=4032&format=png&auto=webp&s=f62c75ab50c75580103b42135ee7d99632c3af1a